M4 Carbine: full automatic with less damage, but high fire rate and minimal recoil. Comes up short in short-range battles due to it's low damage. But it's low recoil is great for medium to long distance full auto.
M14: single shot with high damage. Kills in 2 shots generally. Has very high recoil, so make sure to let it settle down before firing your second shot. Great at medium-long to long ranges. It's high recoil make it a poor gun for CQC.
MP44: full automatic with high damage. Basically like the AK-47, sans attachments.
Submachine Guns
MP5: full auto, high damage and accuracy. Great for short to medium range. Works good if you run-and-gun a lot.
Skorpion: full auto, high damage, small clip. Great for short range. Runs out of ammo quickly, so be careful.
Mini-Uzi: full auto, high damage, fast fire rate. Great for short range, and can be pressed into medium range combat.
AK-74U: full auto, highest damage of SMG's, slower fire rate. Great for short to medium range.
P90: full auto, high damage, huge clip. Great for short to medium range. Can work for pray-and-spray and run-and-gun styles of play.
Light Machine Guns
M249 S.A.W.: full auto, low recoil, lower damage, fast fire rate. Good for short to medium-long range, but when firing long distances, you must fire in bursts and be weary of its low damage.
R.P.D.: full auto, higher damage, good fire rate. Good for all distances, just fire in bursts for long range shots.
M60E4: full auto, highest damage, slow fire rate, higher recoil. Good for medium to long distances. Fire in bursts (2 shots kill with stopping power). For CQC you can pull it off with steady aim by praying-and-spraying.
Shotguns
W1200: pump action. Good for only extreme CQC range. One shot kills at close range.
M1014: semi-automatic, but with only 4 shells before reload.
Sniper Rifles
M40A3: bolt action. Decent damage, large clip size, and good accuracy make this a good long-range rifle.
M21: semi-automatic. Low damage, good accuracy, extremely low recoil (allows you to fire multiple shots without stopping). Low damage takes more shots than other rifles, but multiple shots can be taken with no delay.
Dragunov: semi-automatic. Decent damage, good accuracy, decent recoil. 1-2 shots for a kill. Can be used like an M21 if you are good at compensating for the additional recoil.
R700: bolt action. High damage, good accuracy. Good long range sniper, but be careful to not get stuck in range firing at multiple enemies due to it's bolt action and small clip.
Barret .50 Cal: semi automatic, high damage, fast fire rate, high recoil. Great sniper, slightly harder to line up shots than its bolt-action counterparts, but its semi-automatic shooting makes up for it when engaging multiple enemies. Greatest wall penetration ability in the game.
Pistols
M9: largest clip of pistols, but lowest damage.
USP .45: slightly less bullets than M9, but increased damage (3-4 hit kills).
M1911 .45: less bullets than USP. Slightly more damage.
Desert Eagle: most powerful pistol. High recoil, very small clip size, but 2 shot kills with stopping power makes up for it. Cannot be silenced.